Quick tip: What is Abstraction and how to do effective modular design ?

Abstraction is the process of taking away or removing characteristics from something in order to reduce it to a set of essential characteristics. Through the process of abstraction, a programmer hides all but the relevant data about an object in order to reduce complexity and increase efficiency. In the process of abstraction, the programmer tries to ensure that the entity is named in a manner that will make sense and that it will have all the relevant aspects included and none of the extraneous ones.

Effective Modular Design

Information hiding:
Modules should be specified and designed so that the internal details of modules should be invisible or inaccessible to other modules. Hiding implies that effective modularity can be achieved by defining a set of independent modules that communicate with one another only that information necessary to achieve software function. Hiding defines and enforces access constraints to both procedural detail within a module and any local data structure used by the module.

Major benefits: Reduces the change impacts in testing and maintenance.